Embodied injustice, socially caused illness, and depression
Abstract
Abstract: In his discussion of “marginalized bodies,” Leder maintains that members of oppressed social groups encounter not just discriminatory treatment and limited access to societal resources, but also “embodied injustice”. Such injustice occurs when an “inferior group” is not only identified with the body as such, but also labeled as “having the wrong kind of body”. This devaluation of certain kinds of bodies results in an alteration of people’s embodied ways of feeling, perceiving, and acting in the world. Both in injury or illness and in cases of embodied injustice, there is often (a) a constriction of lived space, (b) a disruption of lived time, and (c) isolation. To illustrate how these distressing disruptions to the body-world relation are caused largely by social factors, Leder turns to incarcerated persons (Chap. 6) and elders (Chap. 7) as case studies. Building upon this discussion, I argue that depression is both an illness that involves the sorts of alterations to the body schema that Leder outlines, and also the result of various socially caused harms. Just as the restrictions imposed by illness and incarceration can become mutually reinforcing, so, too, can the restrictions imposed by depression and the social stigmatization that often accompanies it. This has some important implications for healing and treatment.
Keywords: Biomedical Approach to Psychiatry; Desynchronization; Epistemic Injustice; Racism; Stigmatization; Stereotypes
Ingiustizia epistemica, malattie socialmente generate e depressione
Riassunto: Nel discutere i “corpi emarginati” Leder sostiene che i membri dei gruppi sociali oppressi non affrontano solo trattamenti discriminatori e accesso limitato alle risorse della società, ma anche una “ingiustizia incarnata”. Tale ingiustizia si verifica quando un “gruppo inferiore” viene non solo identificato con il corpo in quanto tale, ma anche etichettato come “avente il tipo sbagliato di corpo”. Questa svalutazione di certi tipi di corpi porta a un’alterazione dei modi incarnati di sentire, percepire e agire nel mondo delle persone. Sia in caso di infortunio o malattia, sia in situazioni di ingiustizia incarnata, spesso si verifica (a) una restrizione dello spazio vissuto, (b) una disgregazione del tempo vissuto e (c) un isolamento. Per illustrare come questi sconvolgimenti angoscianti nel rapporto corpo-mondo siano causati in gran parte da fattori sociali, Leder si rivolge a persone incarcerate (Cap. 6) e anziani (Cap. 7) come studi di caso. Sulla base di questa discussione, sostengo che la depressione sia una malattia che comporta i tipi di alterazioni dello schema corporeo, che Leder descrive, e il risultato di vari danni causati socialmente. Proprio come le restrizioni imposte dalla malattia e dall’incarcerazione possono diventare reciprocamente rinforzanti, così possono esserlo anche le restrizioni imposte dalla depressione e dalla stigmatizzazione sociale che spesso l’accompagna. Questo ha alcune importanti implicazioni per la guarigione e il trattamento.
Parole chiave: Approccio biomedico alla psichiatria; Desincronizzazione; Ingiustizia epistemica; Razzismo; Stigmatizzazione; Stereotipi
Parole chiave
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2024.0014
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