I am mind, therefore I am map. Mapping as extended spatio-temporal process

Sonia Malvica, Alessandro Capodici

Abstract


Abstract: The multifaceted nature of the map animates a wide range of debates that reveal its interdisciplinary nature. Our goal is to overcome classical cognitivism harmonizing the fields of neuroscience, geography, and enactivism to promote a holistic view not only of the map, but also of human beings and, more specifically, of the dynamic subject-world relationship. We have retraced the spatiality of the body and described the spatial dimension of implicit and explicit bodily skills and properties involved in the exploration of – and engagement with – the world. We believe that maps, which present space in isolation, cannot grasp the global quality of subjective experience: space and time are not separable concepts for a cognitive agent engaged in the world. Finally, going beyond the theory of the extended mind to extended consciousness, we argue that ecological mapping, mental mapping, and practical mapping are closely interrelated.

Keywords: Mapping; Enactivism; Image; Perception; Extended Consciousness

 

Sono una mente, quindi sono una mappa. La costruzione di mappe come processo spazio-temporale esteso

Riassunto: La natura poliedrica della mappa anima una vasta gamma di dibattiti che rivelano la sua natura interdisciplinare. Nostro scopo è quello di superare il cognitivismo classico, armonizzando campi quali la neuroscienza, la geografia e l’enattivimo, per promuovere una visione olistica non solo della mappa, ma anche dell’essere umano e, più specificamente, del rapporto dinamico tra soggetto e mondo. Intendiamo ripercorrere la spazialità del corpo e descrivere la dimensione spaziale delle abilità e delle proprietà corporee implicite ed esplicite implicate nell’esplorazione del – e nel coinvolgimento con – il mondo. Crediamo che le mappe, che presentano lo spazio in maniera isolata, non possono cogliere la qualità globale dell’esperienza soggettiva: lo spazio e il tempo non sono concetti separabili per un agente cognitivo coinvolto nel mondo. Infine, passando dalla teoria della mente estesa a quella della coscienza estesa, intendiamo sostenere che la creazione di mappe ecologiche, mentali e pratiche sia un’attività profondamente interconnessa.

Parole chiave: Mappatura; Enattivismo; Immagine; Percezione; Coscienza estesa


Parole chiave


Mapping; Enactivism; Image; Perception; Extended Consciousness

Full Text

PDF

Riferimenti bibliografici


BAHN, P.G., VERTUT, J. (1997). Journey through the ice age, University of California Press, Berkeley (CA).

BARSALOU, L.W. (2008). Grounded cognition. In: «Annual Review of Psychology», vol. LIX, n. 1, pp. 617-645.

BINGMAN, V.P. (1990). Spatial navigation in birds. In: «Neurobiology of Comparative Cognition», pp. 423-447.

BLAUT, J. (1991). Natural mapping. In: M. DODGE, R. KITCHIN, C. PERKINS (eds.), The map reader: Theories of mapping practice and cartographic representation, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, pp. 318-326.

BRINCKER, M. (2014). Navigating beyond “here & now” affordances. On sensorimotor maturation and “false belief” performance. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. V, 2014, Art. Nr. 1433 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01433.

BRINCKER, M. (2015). Beyond sensorimotor segregation. On mirror neurons and social affordance tracking. In: «Cognitive Systems Research», vol. XXXIV, pp. 18-34.

BROWN, T.I., A.S. WHITEMAN, I. ASELCIOGLU, C.E. STERN, Structural differences in hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume support flexible context-dependent navigation ability. In: «Journal of Neuroscience», vol. XXXIV, n. 6, 2014, pp. 2314-2320.

BURROUGH, P.A. (1986). Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

CAGGIANO, V., FOGASSI, L., RIZZOLATTI, G., THIER, P., CASILE, A. (2009). Mirror neurons differentially encode the peripersonal and extrapersonal space of monkeys. In: «Science», vol. CCCXIV, n. 5925, pp. 403-406.

CAIN, D.P., SAUCIER, D. (1996). The neuroscience of spatial navigation: Focus on behavior yields advances. In: «Reviews in the Neurosciences», vol. VII, n. 3, pp. 215-231.

CALZOLAIO, V., PIEVANI, T. (2016). Libertà di migrare: perché ci spostiamo da sempre ed è bene così, Einaudi, Torino.

CAPODICI, A., RUSSO, G. (2019). Map making as bodily engagement. In: «Reti Saperi Linguaggi», vol. VI, n. 2, pp. 223-237.

CAQUARD, S. (2015). Cartography III: A post-representational perspective on cognitive cartography. In: «Progress in Human Geography», vol. XXXIX, n. 2, p. 225-235.

CELA-CONDE, C.J., AYALA, F.J. (2018). Art and brain co-evolution. In: «Progress in Brain Research», vol. CCXXXVII, pp. 41-60.

CLARK, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body and world together again, The MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).

CLARK, A. (2015). Predicting peace: The end of the representation wars. A reply to Michael Mandary. In: T. METZINGER, J.M. WINDT (eds.), Open MIND, vol. VII, MIND Group, Frankfurt a.M.

CLARK, A., CHALMERS, D.J. (1998). The extended mind. In: «Analysis», vol. LVIII, n. 1, pp. 7-19.

COLOMBO, M., IRVINE, E., STAPLETON, M. (2019). Andy Clark and his critics, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York.

COWEN, D.J. (1988). GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: What are the differences?. In: «Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing», vol. LIV, n. 11, pp. 1551-1555.

DI PAOLO, E.A. (2005). Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency. In: «Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences», vol. IV, n. 4, pp. 429-452.

DODGE, M., KITCHIN, R., PERKINS, C. (2011) The map reader: Theories of mapping practice and cartographic representation, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford.

DYER, F.C. (1994). Spatial cognition and navigation in insects. In: L.A. REAL (ed.), Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary ecology, Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 66-98.

EKDAHL, D., RAVN, S. (2019). Embodied involvement in virtual worlds: The case of eSports practitioners. In: «Sport, Ethics and Philosophy», vol. XIII, n. 2, pp. 132-144.

EKDAHL, D., RAVN, S. (forthcoming). Social bodies in virtual worlds: Intercorporeality in Esports. In: «Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences», first online 27 april 2021 – doi: 10.1007/s11097-021-09734-1.

ENGEL, A.K., A. MAYE, M. KURTHEN, P. KÖNIG (2013). Where’s the action? The pragmatic turn in cognitive science. In: «Trends in Cognitive Sciences», vol. XVII, n. 5, pp. 202-209.

FALZONE, A. (2012). Species-specificity, language, representation: The auditory-vocal technology in the sapiens. In: «Reti Saperi Linguaggi», vol. I, n. 1, pp. 44-47.

FALZONE, A. (2018). Performatività ed evoluzione. In: «Reti Saperi Linguaggi», vol. V, n. 1, pp. 149-160.

FINLAYSON, C. (2005). Biogeography and evolution of the genus homo. In: «Trends in Ecology and Evolution», vol. XX, n. 8, 2005, pp. 457-463.

FREAS, C.A., FLEISCHMANN, P.N., CHENG, K. (2019). Experimental ethology of learning in desert ants: Becoming expert navigators. In: «Behavioural Processes», vol. CLVIII, pp. 181-191.

FUCHS, T. (2001). The brain - A mediating organ. In: «Journal of Consciousness Studies», vol. XVIII, n. 7-8, 2001, pp. 196-221.

FULGA, A. (2012). Language and the perception of space, motion and time. In: «Concordia. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics», vol. III, pp. 26-37.

GALLAGHER, S. (2017). Enactivist interventions: Re-thinking the mind, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

GALLAGHER, S. (2018). Situating interaction in peripersonal and extrapersonal space: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. In: T. HÜNEFELDT, A. SCHLITTE (eds.), Situatedness and place: Multidisciplinary perspectives on the spatio-temporal contingency of human life, Springer, Berlin, pp. 67-79.

GALLAGHER, S., ZAHAVI, D. (2008). The phenomenological mind: An introduction to philosophy of mind and cognitive science, Routledge, London/New York.

GALLESE, V. (2007). The “conscious” dorsal stream: Embodied simulation and its role in space and action conscious awareness. In: «Psyche», vol. XIII, n. 1, pp. 1-20.

GELL, A. (1996). The anthropology of time: Cultural constructions of temporal maps and images, Berg, Oxford 1996.

GELL, A. (1998). Art and agency. An anthropological theory, Oxford University Press, New York.

GIBSON, J.J. (2015), The ecological approach to visual per-ception (1979), Psychology Press & Routledge Classic Editions, London/New York.

GOODALE, M.A., MILNER, A.D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. In: «Trends in Neurosciences», vol. XV, n. 1, pp. 20-25.

GREENFIELD, A. (2017). Radical technologies. The project of everyday life, Verso, London/New York.

HACIGÜZELLER, (2017). Archaeological (digital) maps as performances: Towards alternative mappings. In: «Norwegian Archaeological Review», vol. LII, n. 2, 2017, pp.149- 171.

HÄGERSTRAND, T. (1970). What about people in regional science?. In: «Papers of the Regional Science Association», vol. XXIV, n. 1, pp. 7-24.

HEIDEGGER, M. (1927). Sein und Zeit, M. Niemeyer, Tübingen.

HELD, R., HEIN, A. (1963). Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. In: «Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology», vol. LVI, n. 5, pp. 872-876.

HURLEY, S. (2002). Consciousness in action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).

HUTTO, D.D., MYIN, E. (2012). Radicalizing enactivism: Basic minds without content, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).

HUTTO, D.D., MYIN, E. (2017). Evolving enactivism: Basic minds meet content, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).

IARIA, G., LANYON, L.J., FOX, C.J., GIASCHI, D., BAR-TON, J.J. (2008). Navigational skills correlate with hippocampal fractional anisotropy in humans. In: «Hippocampus», vol. XVIII, n. 4, 2008, 335-339.

IHDE, D., MALAFOURIS, L. (2019). Homo faber revisited: Postphenomenology and material engagement theory. In: «Philosophy & Technology», vol. XXXII, n. 2, pp. 195-214.

INGOLD, T. (2020). The perception of the environment: Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill, Routledge, London/New York.

KALCKERT, A., EHRSSON, H.H. (2012). Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: A dissociation of ownership and agency. In: «Frontiers in Human Neurosciensce», vol. VI, Art.Nr. 40 – doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00040.

KITCHIN, R., DODGE, M. (2007). Rethinking maps. In «Progress in Human Geography», vol. XXXI, n. 3, pp. 331-344.

KITCHIN, R., PERKINS, C., DODGE, M. (2009). Thinking about maps. In: M. DODGE, R. KITCHIN, C. PERKINS (eds.), Rethinking maps: New frontiers in cartographic theory, Routledge, London, pp. 1-26.

LAKOFF, G., JOHNSON, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

LEROI-GOURHAN, A. (1964). Le geste et la parole, 2 voll., Albin Michel, Paris.

LEVINSON, S.C. (2003). Space in language and cognition: Explorations in cognitive diversity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

LO PRESTI, L. (2017), (Un) exhausted cartographies. Re-living the visuality, aesthetics and politics in contemporary mapping theories and practices, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Palermo – http://hdl.handle.net/10447/220860.

MAGUIRE, E.A., GADIAN, D.G., JOHNSRUDE, I.S., GOOD, C.D., ASHBURNER, J., FRACKOWLAK, R.S.J., FRITH, C.G. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. In: «Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States», vol. XCVII, n. 8, pp. 4398-4403.

MAGUIRE, E.A., WOOLLETT, K., SPIERS, H.J. (2006). London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. In: «Hyppocampus», vol. XVI, n. 12, pp. 1091-1101.

MALABOU, C. (2009). What should we do with our brain?, Fordham University Press, New York.

MALAFOURIS, L. (2007). Before and beyond representation: Towards an enactive conception of the Palaeolithic image. In: C. RENFREW, I. MORLEY (eds.), Image and imagination, McDonald Institute, Cambridge, pp. 289-302.

MALAFOURIS, L. (2013). How things shape the mind. A theory of material engagement, MIT Press, Cam-bridge (MA).

MALAFOURIS, L. (2014). On thinking. In: N. JONES, S. SKINNER (eds.), Torque#1. Mind, language and tech-nology, Link Editions, London, pp. 9-20.

MALVICA, S., RE, A. (2019). La coscienza che si estende. L’azione oltre la dicotomia soggetto-mondo. In: «Reti Saperi Linguaggi», vol. VI, n. 1, pp. 151-170.

MARAVITA, A., IRIKI, A. (2004). Tools for the body (schema). In: «Trends in Cognitive Sciences», vol. VIII, n. 2, pp. 79-86.

MCCUNN, L.J., GIFFORD, R. (2018). Spatial navigation and place image ability in sense of place. In: «Cities», vol. LXXIV, pp. 208-219.

MERLEAU-PONTY, M. (1962). Phenomenology of percep-tion (1945), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

MILLIKAN, R. (1995). Pushmi-Pullyu representations. In: «Philosophical Perspective», vol. IX, pp. 185-200.

MONTELLO, D.R. (2015). Spatial cognition. In: N.J. SMELSER, P.B. BALTES (eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam/New York, II ed., pp. 14771-14775.

NICOSIA, E. (2019). Geography and neuroscience. A new representation of cerebral territories. In: «Reti Saperi Linguaggi», vol. VI, n. 1, pp. 3-24.

NOË, A. (2009). Out of our heads: Why you are not your brain, and other lessons from the biology of consciousness, Hill and Wang, New York.

O’KEEFE, J., NADEL, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

PANEK, J. (2016). From mental maps to geoparticipation. In: «The Cartographic Journal», vol. LIII, n. 4, pp. 300-307.

PARISI, F. (2015). Tecnologie enattive. La mediazione da una prospettiva cognitivista. In: «Reti Saperi Linguaggi», vol. IV, n. 7, pp. 125-148.

PARISI, F. (2019). La tecnologia che siamo, Codice, Torino.

PARKER, H.D. (1988). The unique qualities of a geographic information system: A commentary. In: «Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing», vol. LIV, n. 11, pp. 1547-1549.

PENNISI, A. (2014). L’errore di Platone, Il Mulino, Bolo-gna.

PENNISI, A. (2016). Prospettive evoluzioniste dell’embodied cognition. Il cervello “inquilino del corpo”. In: «Reti, Saperi Linguaggi», vol. III, n. 1, 2016, pp. 179-201.

PENNISI, A., FALZONE, A. (2010). Il prezzo del linguaggio. Evoluzione ed estinzione nelle scienze cognitive, Il Mulino, Bologna.

PENNISI, A., FALZONE, A. (2017). Linguaggio, evoluzione e scienze cognitive: una introduzione, Corisco, Roma/Messina.

PROULX, M.J., TODOROV, O.S., TAYLOR AIKEN, A., DE SOUSA, A.A. (2016). Where am I? Who am I? The relation between spatial cognition, social cognition and individual differences in the built environment. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. VII, Art. Nr. 64 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00064.

RIETVELD, E., KIVERSTEIN, J. (2014). A rich landscape of affordances. In: «Ecological Psychology», vol. XXVI, n. 4, pp. 325-352.

SALAY, N. (2016). Representations: Problems and solution. In: A. PAPAFRAGOU, D. GRODNER, D. MIRMAN, J. TRUESWELL (eds.), Proceedings of the 38th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Cognitive Science Society, Philadelphia, pp. 295-300.

SARTRE, J.P. (1943). L’être et le néant. Essai d’ontologie phénoménologique, Gallimard, Paris.

SHETTLEWORTH, S.J. (2003). Memory and hippocampal specialization in food-storing birds: Challenges for research on comparative cognition. In: «Brain, Behav-ior and Evolution», vol. LXII, n. 2, pp. 108-116.

SONNENBERG, B.R., BRANCH, C.L., PITERA, A.M., BRIDGE, E., PRAVOSUDOV, V. (2019). Natural selection and spatial cognition in wild food-caching mountain chickadees. In: «Current Biology», vol. XXIX, n. 4, pp. 670-676.

STECK, K., HANSSON, B.S., KNADEN, M. (2009). Smells like home: Desert ants, cataglyphis fortis, use olfactory landmarks to pinpoint the nest. In: «Frontiers in Zoology» vol. VI, Art. Nr. 5 – doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-6-5.

SVOBODA, J. (2017). On landscapes, maps and upper paleolithic lifestyles in the central european corridor: The images of Pavlov and Pedmostí. In: «Veleia», vol. XXXIV, pp. 67-74.

TENEGGI, C., CANZONERI, E., PELLEGRINO, G., SERINO, A. (2013). Social modulation of peripersonal space boundaries. In: «Current Biology», vol. XXIII, n. 5, pp. 406-411.

TOLMAN, E.C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. In: «Psychological Review», vol. LV, n. 4, pp. 189-208.

TVERSKY, B. (2008). Spatial cognition. Embodied and situated. In: P. ROBBINS, M. AYDEDE (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 201-216.

UNGERLEIDER, L.G., MISHKIN, M. (1982). Two cortical visual systems. In: D.J. INGLE, M.A. GOODALE, R.J.W. MANSFIELD (eds.), Analysis of visual behaviour, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), pp. 549-586.

UTRILLA, P., MAZO, C., SOPENA, M.C., MARTÍNEZ-BEA, M., DOMINGO, R. (2009). A palaeolithic map from 13,660 Calbp: Engraved stone blocks from the late magdalenian in Abauntz cave (Navarra, Spain). In: «Journal of Human Evolution», vol. LVII, n. 2, pp. 99-111.

VALLEGA, A. (2003). Heidegger and the issue of space. Thinking of exilic grounds, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.

VON UEXKÜLL, J. (1934). A stroll through the worlds of animals and men. In: C. SCHILLER (ed.), Instinctive behavior, International Universities Press, New York 1934.

WATSON, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. In: «Psychological Review», vol. XX, n. 2, pp. 158-177.

WEHNER, R. (2020). Desert navigator. The journey of the ant, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).

WHORF, B., CARROLL, J.B. (1956). Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).

WITTLINGER, M., WEHNER, R., WOLF, H. (2006). The ant odometer: Stepping on stilts and stumps. In: «Science», vol. CCCXII, n. 5782, pp. 1965-1967.

WOOLLETT, K., MAGUIRE, E.A. (2011). Acquiring “the knowledge” of London’s layout drives structural brain changes. In: «Current Biology», vol. XXI, n. 24, pp. 2109-2114.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2021.0023

Copyright (c) 2021 Sonia Malvica, Alessandro Capodici

URLdella licenza: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia - ISSN: 2039-4667 (print) - E-ISSN: 2239-2629 (online)

Registrazione al Tribunale di Milano n. 634 del 26-11-2010 - Direttore Responsabile: Aurelia Delfino

Web provider Aruba spa - Loc. Palazzetto, 4 - 52011 Bibbiena (AR) - P.IVA 01573850516 - C.F. e R.I./AR 04552920482

Licenza Creative Commons
Dove non diversamente specificato, i contenuti di Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia sono distribuiti con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.