Mindreading, introspezione e metacognizione: implicazioni per la neuropsichiatria cognitiva
Abstract
Riassunto: In questo articolo ci proponiamo di portare alla luce i netti confini che separano i concetti di mindreading, introspezione e metacognizione con l’obiettivo di dissipare alcuni fraintendimenti presenti nella letteratura clinica. A tal fine, iniziamo identificando due posizioni principali nell’odierno dibattito filosofico cognitivo sull’introspezione: da un lato le teorie che sostengono che “introspezione” è la denominazione impropria per un processo interpretativo; da un altro lato le teorie che continuano a ritenere che almeno in alcuni casi l’accesso alla propria mente sia diretto e non interpretativo. Dopodiché prendiamo posizione contro le teorie dell’accesso diretto e in favore di una certa versione dell’approccio interpretativista. Infine, da questo approccio ricaviamo alcune linee guida per l’uso della Theory of Mind in neuropsichiatria cognitiva.
Parole chiave: Introspezione; Mindreading; Confabulazione; Metacognizione; Psicopatologia.
Mindreading, Introspection, and Metacognition: Implications for Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
Abstract: The aim of this article is to draw sharp boundaries between the concepts of mindreading, introspection and metacognition in order to rectify some common misunderstandings in the clinical literature. To this aim, we begin with identifying two main approaches in the current philosophical and psychological debate on introspection: at one end of the spectrum, the view that “introspection” is a misnomer for an interpretative activity; at the other end of the spectrum, the view that, at least in some cases, the access to one’s own inner life is direct and non-interpretative. Thereafter, we side against “direct access” theories and in favor of a particular version of the interpretativist approach to introspection. Finally, we propose some guidelines based on this approach for applying a Theory of Mind in cognitive neuropsychiatry.
Keywords: Introspection; Mindreading; Confabulation; Metacognition; Psychopathology.
Parole chiave
Full Text
PDFRiferimenti bibliografici
BAILLARGEON, R., SCOTT, R.M., HE, Z. (2010), False-belief Understanding in Infants. In: «Trends in Cognitive Sciences», vol. XIV, n. 3, pp. 110-118.
BARON-COHEN, S. (1995), Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).
BRASIL-NETO, J., PASCUAL-LEONE, A., VALLS-SOLÉ, J., COHEN, L., HALLETT, M. (1992), Focal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Response Bias in a Forced Choice Task. In: «Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry», vol. LV, n. 10, pp. 964-66.
BRÜNE, M. (2005), “Theory of Mind” in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature. In: «Schizophrenia Bulletin», vol. XXXI, n. 1, pp. 21-42.
BYRNE, R.W., WHITEN, A. (eds.) (1988), Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans, Oxford UP, Oxford.
CARRUTHERS, P. (2009), How We Know Our Own Minds: The Relationship Between Mindreading and Metacognition. In: «Behavioral and Brain Sciences», vol. XXXII, n. 2, pp. 121-38.
CARRUTHERS, P. (2010), Introspection: Divided and Partly Eliminated. In: «Philosophy and Phenomenological Research», vol. LXXX, n. 1, pp. 76-111.
CARRUTHERS, P. (2011), The Opacity of Mind: The Cognitive Science of Self-Knowledge, Oxford UP, Oxford.
CARRUTHERS, P. (2013), Mindreading in Infancy. In: «Mind and Language», vol. XVIII, n. 2, pp. 141-172.
COUCHMAN, J., COUTINHO, M., BERAN, M., SMITH, D. (2009), Metacognition is Prior. In: «Behavioral and Brain Sciences», vol. XXXII, n. 2, p. 142.
DIMAGGIO, G., LYSAKER, P.H. (a cura di), Metacognizione e psicopatologia. Valutazione e trattamento, Raffaello Cortina, Milano.
DUNLOSKY, J., METCALFE, J. (2009), Metacognition, Sage, Thousand Oaks (CA).
FALCONE, M., MARRAFFA, M., CARCIONE, A. (2003), Metarappresentazione e psicopatologia. In: G. DIMAGGIO, A. SEMERARI (a cura di), I disturbi di personalità. Modelli e trattamento, Laterza, Roma-Bari, pp. 43-76.
FARRANT, A., BOUCHER, J., BLADES, M. (1999), Metamemory in Children With Autism. In: «Child Development», vol. LXX, n. 1, pp. 107-131.
FISHER, N., HAPPÉ, F., DUNN, J. (2005), The Relationship Between Vocabulary, Grammar, and False Belief Task Performance in Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Children With Moderate Learning Difficulties. In: «Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry», vol. XLVI, n. 4, pp. 409-419.
FRITH, C. (2012), Explaining Delusions of Control: The Comparator Model 20 Years On. In: «Consciousness and Cognition», vol. XXI, n. 1, pp. 52-54.
FRITH, C., BLAKEMORE, S.J., WOLPERT, D. (2000), Explaining the Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Abnormalities in the Awareness of Action. In: «Brain Research Reviews», vol. XXXI, n. 2-3, pp. 357-363.
GOLDMAN, A. (2006) Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading, Oxford UP, Oxford, cap. 7
GOPNIK, A. (1993), How We Know Our Minds: The Illusion of First-Person Knowledge of Intentionality. In: «Behavioral and Brain Sciences», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 1-14.
HALL, L., JOHANSSON, P., TÄRNING, B., SIKSTRÖM, S., DEUTGEN, T. (2010), Magic at the Marketplace: Choice Blindness for the Taste of Jam and the Smell of Tea. In: «Cognition», vol. CXVII, n. 1, pp. 54-61.
HALLIGAN, P.W., DAVID, A.S. (2001), Cognitive Neuropsychiatry: Towards a Scientific Psychopathology. In: «Nature Reviews - Neuroscience», vol. II, n. 3, pp. 209-215.
HRDY, S. (2009), Mothers and Others, Harvard UP, Cambridge (MA).
JERVIS, G. (2001), Psicologia dinamica, Il Mulino, Bologna.
JERVIS, G. (2002), Individualismo e cooperazione, Laterza, Roma-Bari.
JOHANSSON, P., HALL, L., SIKSTRÖM, S., OLSSON, A. (2005), Failure to Detect Mismatches Between Intention and Outcome in a Simple Decision Task. In: «Science», vol. CCCX, n. 5745, pp. 116-119.
JOHANSSON, P., HALL, L., SIKSTRÖM, S., TÄRNING, B., LIND, A. (2006), How Something Can Be Said About Telling More Than We Can Know: On Choice Blindness and Introspection. In: «Consciousness and Cognition», vol. XV, n. 4, pp. 673-692.
LESLIE, A.M. (2000), “Theory of Mind” as a Mechanism of Selective Attention. In: M. GAZZANIGA (ed.), The New Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), pp. 1235-1247.
LESLIE, A.M. (2005), Developmental Parallels in Understanding Minds and Bodies. In: «Trends in Cognitive Sciences», vol. IX, n. 10, pp. 459-462.
LESLIE, A.M., THAISS, L. (1992), Domain Specificity in Conceptual Development: Neuropsychological Evidence from Autism. In: «Cognition», vol. XLIII, n. 3, pp. 225-251.
LICHTENBERG, J.D. (1989), Psychoanalysis and Motivation, Analytic Press, Hillsdale (NJ).
MARRAFFA, M., MEINI, C. (2004), Verso una psichiatria cognitiva. In: «Sistemi Intelligenti», vol. XVI, n. 2, pp. 159-183.
METCALFE, J., SHIMAMURA, A. (eds.) (1994), Metacognition: Knowing about Knowing, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).
NELSON, T., NARENS, L. (1990), Metamemory: A Theoretical Framework and New Findings. In: G. BOWER (ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Information, Academic Press, New York, pp. 125-173.
NICHOLS, S., STICH, S. (2003), Mindreading: An Integrated Account of Pretence, Self-Awareness, and Understanding Other Minds, Oxford UP, Oxford, cap. 4.
NISBETT, R.E., WILSON, T.D. (1977), Telling More Than we Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes. In: «Psychological Review», vol. LXXXIV, n. 3, pp. 231-259.
NISBETT, R.S., ROSS, L. (1980), Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
PERNER, J. (1991), Understanding the Representational Mind, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).
RICHERSON,P., BOYD, R. (2005), Not By Genes Alone, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
SAXE, R., KANWISHER, N. (2003), People Thinking About Thinking People: The Role of the Temporo-parietal Junction in “Theory of Mind”. In: «NeuroImage», vol. XIX, n. 4, pp. 1835-1842.
SCHOLL, B.J., LESLIE, A.M. (1999), Modularity, Development and “Theory of Mind”. In: «Mind & Language», vol. XIV, n. 1, pp. 131-153.
SCHWITZGEBEL, E. (2012), Introspection In: E.N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, URL = , par. 2.1.3.
SPERBER, D., CLÉMENT, F., HEINTZ, C., MASCARO, O., MERCIER, H., ORIGGI, G., WILSON, D. (2010), Epistemic Vigilance. In: «Mind and Language», vol. XXV, n. 4, pp. 359-393.
SPRONG, M., SCHOTHORST, P., VOS, E., HOX, J., VAN ENGELAND, H. (2007), Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. In: «British Journal of Psychiatry», vol. CXCI, pp. 5-13.
TOMASELLO, M., CARPENTER, M., CALL, J., BEHNE, T., MOLL, H. (2005), Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition. In: «Behavioral and Brain Sciences», vol. XXVIII, n. 5, pp. 675-691.
WELLMAN, H., CROSS, D., WATSON, J. (2001), Meta-analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth About False Belief. In: «Child Development», vol. LXXII, n. 3, pp. 655-684
WHITEN, A., BYRNE, R.W. (eds.) (1997), Machiavellian Intelligence. Vol. II: Evaluations and Extensions, Cambridge UP, Cambridge.
WILLIAMS, D., HAPPÉ, F. (2010), Representing Intentions in Self and Other: Studies of Autism and Typical Development. In: «Developmental Science», vol. XIII, n. 2, pp. 307-319.
WILSON, T.D. (2002), Strangers to Ourselves. Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious, Harvard UP, Cambridge (MA).
WILSON, T.D. (2003), Knowing When to Ask: Introspection and the Adaptive Unconscious. In: «Journal of Consciousness Studies», vol. X, n. 9-10, pp. 131-140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2013.0035
Copyright (c) 2013 Rossella Guerini, Massimo Marraffa
URLdella licenza: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/it/deed.it
Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia - ISSN: 2039-4667 (print) - E-ISSN: 2239-2629 (online)
Registrazione al Tribunale di Milano n. 634 del 26-11-2010 - Direttore Responsabile: Aurelia Delfino
Web provider Aruba spa - Loc. Palazzetto, 4 - 52011 Bibbiena (AR) - P.IVA 01573850516 - C.F. e R.I./AR 04552920482
Dove non diversamente specificato, i contenuti di Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia sono distribuiti con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.