Cortical Localization of Language and the "Birth" of Cognitive Neurosciences

Carmela Morabito

Abstract


Abstract: Whereas at the beginning of the XIXth century, Gall’s description of “heads” received little scientific attention, by the end of the century, the cortical maps produced by the “cerebral cartography” of Fer-rier were considered a true reproduction of the actual positions of the cortical functions. Gall conceived the brain as a mass of “organs”, each constituting a specific instrument of an equally specific “faculty” of the soul. Ferrier, by contrast, considered the brain as a unitary organ made up of specific sensory and/or motor functional centres and of “associative” areas responsible for the more complex and integrated aspects of animal and human behaviour. Building on the clinical work of Broca and Jackson, the localizationistic model, supported by Ferrier’s experimental evidences and clinical data, made it possible to replace the old neurological model with a new model for understanding the relation between the nervous system and behavior. Gall had wanted to put forward a new idea about the brain and mind, but he could only proffer a “speculative” theory devoid of clinical and experimental support in support of this idea. By the end of the century, however, the cognitive neurosciences had found their new paradigm: every mental function was considered to arise from motion and sensation, and from the integrative action of the nervous system.

Keywords: Cognitive Neurosciences; Cerebral Localization; Models of Mind; History of Neuropsychology; Cognitive Diseases.


La localizzazione corticale del linguaggio e la “nascita” delle neuroscienze cognitive

Riassunto: Se all’inizio del XIX secolo la descrizione dei crani di Gall riceve scarsa attenzione da parte della ricerca scientifica, a partire dalla fine del secolo le mappe corticali prodotte attraverso la “cartografia cerebrale” di Ferrier si considerano una riproduzione veritiera della posizione reale delle funzioni corticali. Gall concepisce il cervello alla stregua di una massa di “organi”, ciascuno dei quali costituisce uno specifico strumento di una altrettanto specifica “facoltà” dell’anima. Al contrario Ferrier considera il cervello alla stregua di un organo unitario formato da specifici centri funzionali di carattere sensoriale e/o motorio e da specifiche aree “associative” responsabili degli aspetti più complessi ed integrati del comportamento animale e umano. Il modello localizzazionista costruito a partire dal lavoro clinico di Broca e Jackson e supportato dalle evidenze sperimentali e dai dati clinici di Ferrier rimpiazza il vecchio modello neurologico deputato alla spiegazione delle relazioni fra il sistema nervoso e il comportamento. Il fine di Gall è quello di proporre una nuova idea circa la mente e il cervello, tuttavia riesce solamente ad avanzare una teoria di carattere speculativo sprovvista di evidenza clinica e sperimentale a suo suffragio. Alla fine del secolo, tuttavia, le neuroscienze cognitive trovano il loro nuovo paradigma, secondo il quale ogni funzione mentale trae origine dal movimento, dalle sensazioni e dall’azione integrata del sistema nervoso.

Parole chiave: Neuroscienze cognitive; Localizzazione cerebrale; Modelli della mente; Storia della neuropsicologia; Disturbi cognitivi.


Parole chiave


Cognitive Neurosciences; Cerebral Localization; Models of Mind; History of Neuropsychology; Cognitive Diseases.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2013.0013

Copyright (c) 2013 Carmela Morabito

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