How is freedom of the will "neurally" and mentally possible
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Abstract
Abstract: In this paper a solution to the problem of freedom of the will is proposed which treats it not as antithetical to determinism, but as admitting of degrees that run parallel to the degrees of control we exercise over thought, movement and action. We begin by examining the viability of Benjamin Libet’s solution to the problem of the freedom of the will, as consisting in vetoing-and-halting an action already originated in the brain. We are arguing that this solution is possible if refraining acts (intentional “not-doing”) can be considered not only as different kinds of actions from performing acts (“doing”), but also as peculiar actions that have causal consequences without having a result component. Such a commitment to an odd model of action makes plausible Daniel Wegner’s interpretation of Libet’s experimental findings as supporting the idea that freedom of the will is to be explained away as an illusion. We argue instead that voluntary actions are ones in which variable to maximal controls are exercised, and this is a learned set of procedures enhanced by experience towards better control and more freedom.
Keywords: Free Will, Consciousness, Determinism, Naturalism, Cognitive Science
La possibilità “neurale” e mentale della libertà del volere
Riassunto: Nel presente lavoro si avanza una soluzione al problema del libero arbitrio che non si pone in termini antitetici al determinismo, considerando piuttosto una soluzione per gradi, paralleli ai gradi di controllo che esercitiamo sul pensiero, sul movimento e sull’azione. Dapprima si valuterà la sostenibilità della soluzione di Benjamin Libet al problema del libero arbitrio, intesa come possibilità di veto e di arresto di un’azione che ha già avuto origine a livello cerebrale. Si sosterrà la possibilità di questa soluzione, se gli atti di astensione (il “non-fare” intenzionale) possono essere considerati non solo come tipi di azioni diversi dagli atti di esecuzione (il “fare”), ma anche come azioni peculiari che hanno conseguenze causali senza possedere una componente di risultato. Tale sostegno a un insolito modello di azione rende plausibile l’interpretazione dei risultati sperimentali di Libet avanzata da Daniel Wegner a supporto dell’idea per cui il libero arbitrio debba essere spiegato come un’illusione. Di contro noi sosterremo che le azioni volontarie sono quelle in cui si esercita un controllo variabile da un minimo a un massimo e che tali gradi di controllo costituiscono un insieme di procedure apprese, potenziate dall’esperienza e dirette verso un sempre migliore controllo e una maggiore libertà.
Parole chiave: Libertà del volere; Coscienza; Determinismo; Naturalismo; Scienza cognitiva
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