Che cosa è la magnanimità? A proposito di una virtù e delle sue contraddizioni
Main Article Content
Abstract
Riassunto: Nei testi aristotelici la magnanimità si presenta come una virtù morale dai tratti che potrebbero oggi sembrare contraddittori: questa qualità del carattere da un lato viene delineata come il coronamento e la perfezione delle altre virtù, fondata sulla conoscenza di se stessi e del proprio valore; dall’altro, invece, essa appare connessa al benessere materiale, all’onore, alla disuguaglianza sociale e politica. Questa prima teorizzazione filosofica della megalopsychia ha contribuito a far sì che, nella storia del pensiero occidentale, la magnanimità sia interpretata e discussa in modo differente e persino discordante. Partendo da queste considerazioni, l’articolo si propone di ripercorrere brevemente alcune delle tappe più importanti della lettura della magnanimità, operata dai diversi pensatori, a partire dal mondo antico post aristotelico, sino alle discussioni filosofiche più recenti. Oltre a provare a comprendere la natura della grandezza d’animo e le sue interpretazioni, positive e negative, rivestite attraverso le epoche, si tratta soprattutto di capire se la magnanimità possa essere considerata una virtù morale ancora attuale, un modello etico proponibile al giorno d’oggi per vivere bene e raggiungere la felicità.
Parole chiave: Magnanimità; Virtù morali; Storia della filosofia morale
What is magnanimity? On a virtue and its contraddictions
Abstract: In Aristotle’s works, magnanimity is portrayed as a moral virtue with features that might seem contradictory today. On the one hand, this character trait is described as the crowning achievement and perfection of the other virtues, based on self-knowledge and awareness of one’s own value. On the other, however, it appears to be linked to material well-being, honour, and a system of social and political inequality. This first philosophical discussion of megalopsychia has triggered different and even conflicting interpretations throughout the history of Western thought. Starting from these considerations, the article aims at retracing some of the most important stages of how magnanimity was viewed by various philosophers, from the post-Aristotelian period to most recent philosophical discussions. In addition to reconstructing the nature of magnanimity and its variegated interpretations throughout the ages, I ask the question whether magnanimity can still today be considered a moral virtue or an ethical model for living well and achieving happiness.
Keywords: Magnanimity; Moral Virtues; History of Moral Philosophy
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this Journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication for the printed and the electronic version simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this Journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchange, as well as earlier and more extensive citation of published work (cf. The Effect of Open Access). After the conclusion of the double blind peer review procedure, they can self-archive any version of their work: the published version as well as the pre-print (pre-refereeing) and the final draft post-refereeing.
How to Cite
References
ALBERTO MAGNO (1951). Super Ethica. In: S. Alberti Magni Opera Omnia, vol. XVI, hrsg. von W. KÜBEL, Aschendorff, Münster (prima edizione: 1250-1252).
ALVAREZ TURIENZO, S. (1977). Incidencia en la ética de la condena parisiense de 1277. In: «Cuadernos Sala-mantinos de Filosofia», vol. IV, pp. 55-98.
ARENDT, H. (1958). The Human Condition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
ARENDT, H. (1963). On Revolution, Penguin Books, London.
ARISTOTELE (1970a). Analitici primi. In: ARISTOTELE, Organon, vol. I, a cura di G. COLLI, Laterza, Roma/Bari, pp. 91-274.
ARISTOTELE (1970b). Analitici secondi. In: ARISTOTELE, Organon, vol. I, a cura di G. COLLI, Laterza, Roma/Bari, pp. 277-403.
ARISTOTELE (1999a). Etica Nicomachea, traduzione di C. NATALI, Laterza, Roma/Bari.
ARISTOTELE (1999b). Etica Eudemia, traduzione di P. DONINI, Laterza, Roma/Bari.
ARISTOTELE (2014). Retorica, a cura di F. CANNAVÒ, Bompiani, Milano.
BACHMAN, J.G., O’MALLEY, P.M. (1986). Self-concepts, self-esteem, and educational experiences: The frog pond revisited (again). In: «Journal of Personality and So-cial Psychology», vol. L, n. 1, pp. 35-46.
BAE, E. (2003). An ornament of the virtues. In: «Ancient Philosophy», vol. XXIII, pp. 337-349.
BAUMEISTER, R.F., CAMPBELL, J.D., KRUEGER, J.Y., VOHS, K.D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. In: «Psychological Science in the Public Interest», vol. IV, n. 1, pp. 1-44.
BECKETT, M. (2012). Does Aristotelian magnanimity exclude women?. In: «Philosophy Study», vol. II, n. 7, pp. 463-474.
BERLIN, I. (2000). L’originalità di Machiavelli. In: I. BERLIN, Controcorrente, traduzione di G. FERRARA DEGLI UBERTI, a cura di H. HARDY, Adelphi, Milano, pp. 39-117 (edizione originale: Against the current. Essays in the history of ideas, Pimlico, London 1979).
BONAVENTURA DA BAGNOREGIO (1934). Collationes in Hexaëmeron. In: PP. COLLEGII S. BONAVENTURAE AD CLARAS AQUAS (ed.), Opera Omnia, vol. V, Typographia Collegii S. Bonaventurae, Firenze (lezioni teologiche, Parigi, 1273).
BRADY, E. (2019). The Kantian sublime and greatness of mind. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 197-213.
CAMPBELL, J.D., FAIREY, P. (1985). Effects of self-esteem, hypothetical explanations, and verbalization of expectancies on future performance. In: «Journal of Personality and Social Psychology», vol. XLVIII, n. 5, pp. 1097-1111.
CHEMERS, M.M., WATSON, C.B., MAY, S.T. (2000). Dis-positional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy. In: «Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin», vol. XXVI, n. 3, pp. 267-277.
CHURCH, J., ZUCKERT, C.H. (2008). The magnanimous overman: On Nietzsche’s transformation of Aristotle’s greatness of soul. In: C. HOLLOWAY (ed.), Magnanimity and statesmanship, Lexington Books, Plymouth, pp. 109-129.
CICERONE, M.T. (1966). De Officiis, edited by H.A. HOLDEN, Hakkert, Amsterdam (prima composizione: 44 a.C.).
CORTI, M. (2003). Quel rompicapo del finale della Vita Nuova. In: M. CORTI, Dies. Scritti su Cavalcanti e Dante. La felicità mentale. Percorsi dell’invenzione e altri saggi, Einaudi Torino, pp. 167-177.
CRISP, P.R. (2006). Aristotle on Greatness of Soul. In: R. KRAUT (ed.), The Blackwell guide to Aristotle’s “Nicomachean Ethics”, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 158-178.
CROCKER, J., WOLFE, C.T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. In: «The Psychological Review», vol. CVIII, n. 3, pp. 593-623.
CURZER, H.J. (1990). A great philosopher’s not so great account of great virtue: Aristotle’s treatment of “greatness of soul”. In: «Canadian Journal of Philosophy», vol. XX, n. 4, pp. 517-538.
CURZER, H.J. (1991). Aristotle’s much maligned Megalopsychos. In: «Australasian Journal of Philosophy», vol. LXIX, n. 2, pp. 131-151.
CURZER, H.J. (2017). Against idealisation in virtue ethics. In: D. CARR, J. ARTHUR, K. KRISTJÁNSSON (eds), Varieties of virtue ethics, Palgrave-Macmillan, London, pp. 52-73.
DANTE ALIGHIERI (1853). De monarchia (1312-1313), traduzione di M. FICINO, a cura di E. BOLLATI, Ferrero e Franco, Torino.
DANTE ALIGHIERI (1872). Inferno (1314). In: DANTE ALIGHIERI, La Divina Commedia, a cura di G. FRANCESIA, Tipografia dell’Oratorio di San Francesco di Sales, Napoli.
DANTE ALIGHIERI (1897). De vulgari eloquentia (1303-1305) a cura di P. RAJNA, Le Monnier Firenze.
DANTE ALIGHIERI (1988). Convivio (1303-1308). In: DANTE ALIGHIERI, Opere minori, a cura di C. VASOLI, D. DE ROBERTIS, vol. I, tomo II, Ricciardi, Milano/Napoli.
DE CARO, M. (2023). Esemplarismo e virtù politiche nel Principe di Machiavelli. In: «Rivista di Storia della Filosofia», vol. LXXVIII, n. 1, pp. 56-69.
DESCARTES, R. (2009). Les passions de l’âme (1649). In: R. DESCARTES, Opere 1637-1649, a cura di G. BEL-GIOIOSO, Bompiani, Milano, pp. 2289-2527 (Les passions de l’âme. In: Oeuvres de Descartes, publié par C. ADAM, P. TANNERY, vol. XI, Cerf, Paris 1909, pp. 301-488).
DICKSON, T., JOKIĆ, A. (2015). Leo Strauss on Machiavelli: Athens vs. Jerusalem or ontological assumptions about human nature and power. In: «Belgrade Philosophical Annual», vol. XXVIII, pp. 127-137.
DIENER, E., DIENER, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. In: «Journal of Personality and Social Psychology», vol. LXVIII, n. 4, pp. 653-663.
DILLON, R.S. (1995). (ed.), Dignity, character and self-respect, Routledge, London.
DIOGENE LAERZIO (2005). Vite e dottrine dei più celebri filosofi (III sec. A.C.), a cura di G. REALE, Bompiani, Milano.
DIRLMEIER, F. (1956). (Hrsg.), Nikomachische Ethik, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
ENGBERG-PEDERSEN, T. (1983). Aristotle’s theory of moral insight, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
ENRICO DI GAND, Quodlibeta, Parigi 1518 (Quodlibeta Theologica. In: HENRICUS DE GANDAVO, Opera Omnia, vol. XX, edited by G. ETZKORN, G.A. WILSON, Leuven University Press, Leuven 2007).
FETTER, J., NICGOSRKI, W. (2008). Magnanimity and statesmanship: The Ciceronian difference. In: C. HOLLOWAY (ed.), Magnanimity and statesmanship, Lexington Books, Plymouth, pp. 29-47.
FETTER, J.T. (2012). The great man in politics: Magnanimity in the history of Western political thought, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame.
FETTER, J.T. (2015). Aristotle’s great-souled man: The limited perfection of the ethical virtues. In: «History of Political Thought», vol. XXXVI, n. 1, pp. 1-28.
FORTI, F. (1961). Il limbo dantesco e i megalopsicoi dell’Etica Nicomachea. In: «Giornale storico della letteratura italiana», vol. CXXXVIII, pp. 329-364.
GAUTHIER, R.A. (1951). Magnanimité. L’ideal de la grandeur dans la philosophie païenne et dans la théologie chrétienne, J. Vrin, Paris.
GAUTHIER, R.A. (1947-1948). Trois commentaires averroïstes sur l’Éthique à Nicomaque. In: «Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Âge», vol. XVI, pp. 187-336.
GAUTHIER, R.A., JOLIF, J.Y. (1970). Aristote. L’Éthique à Nicomaque, introduction, traduction et commentaire, vol. II, Publications Universitaires-Béatrice-Nauwelaerts, Louvain/Paris.
GIAMMUSSO, S. (2023). La passione che medita. L’etica di Descartes e il concetto di generosità, La scuola di Pitagora, Napoli.
GILL, C. (2019). Stoic magnanimity. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 49-71.
GRAHAM, S. (2000). Hume on greatness of soul. In: «Hume Studies», vol. XXVI, n. 1, pp. 129-142.
GUERRA, M.D. (2016). Moderating the magnanimous man: Aquinas on greatness of soul. In: M.L. LAMB (ed.), Theology needs philosophy: Acting against reason is contrary to the nature of God, Catholic University of America Press, Washington, pp. 253-266.
GULLIFORD, L., MORGAN, B., KRISTJÁNSSON, K. (2013). Some recent work on the concept of gratitude in philosophy and psychology. In: «Journal of Value Inquiry», vol. XLVII, n. 3, pp. 285-317.
HANLEY, R.P. (2007). David Hume and the modern problem of honor. In: «Modern Schoolman», vol. LXXXIV, n. 4, pp. 295-312.
HANLEY, R.P. (2019). Magnanimity and modernity. Greatness of soul and greatness of mind in the Enlightenment. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 176-196.
HANLEY, R.P., CORSA, A.J. (2015). Modern greatness of soul in Hume and Smith. In: «Ergo», vol. II, n. 2, pp. 27-58.
HARDIE, W.F.R. (1968). Aristotle’s ethical theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
HARDIE, W.F.R. (1978). Magnanimity in Aristotle’s ethics. In: «Phronesis», vol. XXIII, n. 1, pp. 63-79.
HASSAN, P. (2017). Nietzsche on human greatness. In: «Journal of Value Inquiry», vol. LI, pp. 293-310.
HAVARD, A. (2011). Virtuous leadership Part 3: Magnanimity The first specific virtue of leaders, YouTube 14th November.
HISSETTE, R. (1977). Enquête sur les 219 articles condamnés à Paris le mars 1277, Publications Universitaires-Vander-Oyez, Louvain/Paris.
HISSETTE, R. (1979). Étienne Tempier et les menaces contre l’ethique chrétienne. In: «Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale édité par la SIEPM», vol. XXI, pp. 68-72.
HOFFMANN, T. (2008). Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas on magnanimity. In: I. BEJCZY (ed.), Virtue ethics in the Middle Ages: Commentaries on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics 1200-1500, Brill, Leiden/Boston, pp. 101-129.
HOLLOWAY, C. (2008). Introduction. In: C. HOLLOWAY (ed.), Magnanimity and statesmanship, Lexington Books, Plymouth, pp. 1-2.
HOWLAND, J. (2002). Aristotle’s great-souled man. In: «The Review of Politics», vol. LXIV, n. 1, pp. 27-56.
HUDDLESTON, A. (2019). Nietzsche on magnanimity, greatness, and greatness of soul. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 215-234.
HUME, D. (1982). Trattato sulla natura umana, traduzione A. CARLINI, E. LECALDANO, E. MISTRETTA, Laterza, Roma/Bari (A treatise of human nature (1739), edited by L.A. SELBY, M.A. BIGGE, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1896).
HUME, D. (2009). Ricerche sull’intelletto umano, traduzione di M. DAL PRÀ, Laterza, Roma/Bari (An enquiry concerning human understanding (1748-1758). In: The philosophical works of David Hume, vol. IV, edited by T.H. GREEN, T.H. GROSE, Spottiswoode & Co., London 1875).
IRWIN, T. (2019). Magnanimity as generosity. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 21-48.
JANAWAY, C. (2012). Nietzsche on morality, drives, and human greatness. In: C. JANAWAY, S. ROBERTSON (eds.), Nietzsche, naturalism, and normativity, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, pp. 183-201.
KARBOWSKI, J. (2013). Aristotle on the deliberative abilities of women. In: «Apeiron», vol. XLVII, pp. 435-460.
KAUFMANN, W. (1974). Nietzsche: Philosopher, psychologist, antichrist (1950), Princeton University Press, Princeton.
KENNINGTON, R. (1963). Rene Descartes. In: L. STRAUSS, J. CROPSEY (eds.), History of political philosophy, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 379-396.
KIM, J. (2025). Tempering senses of superiority: The virtue of magnanimity in democracies. In: «American Journal of Political Sciences», vol. LXIX, n. 2, pp. 531-544.
KRISTJÁNSSON, K. (1998). Self‐respect, megalopsychia and moral education. In: «Journal of Moral Education», vol. XXVII, n. 1, pp. 5-17.
KRISTJÁNSSON, K. (2019). Twenty-first-century magnanimity: The relevance of Aristotle’s ideas of megalophychia for current debates in moral psychology, moral education, and moral philosophy. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 266-291.
LEONE, M. (2014). Filosofia e teologia della “vita activa”. La sfera dell’agire pratico in Enrico di Gand, Pagina, Bari.
MACHIAVELLI, N. (2018). Il Principe (1532). In: N. MACHIAVELLI, Tutte le opere, a cura di P.D. ACCENDERE, Bompiani, Milano.
MACINTYRE, A. (1966). A short history of ethics: A history of moral philosophy from the Homeric age to the Twentieth Century, Macmillan, New York.
MACINTYRE, A. (2012). The nature of the virtues. In: «The Hastings Center Report», vol. XI, n. 2, pp. 27-34.
MACKEN, R. (1993). Henry of Ghent as defender of human heroism. In: «Mediaevalia», vol. III, pp. 25-45.
MARENBON, J. (2019). Magnanimity, Christian ethics, and Paganism in the Latin Middle Ages. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 88-116.
MARTIN, M. (1992). Hume on human excellence. In: «Hume Studies», vol. XVIII, n. 2, pp. 383-399.
MCGREW, S. (2021). Carving out space for Aristotle’s “megalopsychos”. In: «Episteme», vol. XXXI, Art.Nr. 2, pp. 44-56 – disponibile allo URL: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/episteme/vol31/iss1/2.
MORIARTY, M. (2019). Cartesian “Générosité” and Its Antecedents. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford Uni-versity Press, Oxford, pp. 147-175.
NIETZSCHE, F. (1964). Aurora. In: Opere di Friedrich Nietzsche, vol. V, tomo I, a cura di G. Colli, M. Montinari, traduzione di F. MASINI, M. MONTINARI, Adelphi, Milano (prima edizione: Morgenröte. Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile, E.W. Fritzsch, Leipzig 1887).
NIETZSCHE, F. (1965). La gaia scienza. In: Opere di Friedrich Nietzsche, vol. V, tomo II, a cura di G. COLLI, M. MONTINARI, traduzione di F. MASINI, Adelphi, Milano (prima edizione: Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, E. Schmeltzner, Chemnitz 1882).
NIETZSCHE, F. (1970). Crepuscolo degli idoli. In: Opere di Friedrich Nietzsche, vol. VI, tomo III, a cura di G. COLLI, M. MONTINARI, traduzione di F. MASINI, Adelphi, Milano (prima edizione: Götzen-Dämmerung, oder Wie man mit dem Hammer philoso-phirt, C.G. Neumann, Leipzig 1888).
NIETZSCHE, F. (1972). Considerazioni inattuali. In: Ope-re di Friedrich Nietzsche, vol. III, tomo I, a cura di G. COLLI, M. MONTINARI, E.W. Fritzsch, Leipzig 1874).
NIETZSCHE, F. (1977). Al di là del bene e del male. In: Opere di Friedrich Nietzsche, vol. V, a cura di G. COLLI, M. MONTINARI, traduzione di F. MASINI, Adelphi, Milano (prima edizione: Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft, C.G. Naumann, Leipzig 1886).
PETTIGROVE, G. (2006). Hannah Arendt and Collective Forgiving. In: «Journal of Social Philosophy», vol. XXXVII, n. 4, pp. 483-500.
PICHÉ, D. (1999). La condamnation parisienne de 1277. Nouvelle édition du texte latin, traduction, introduction et commentaire, Vrin, Paris, pp. 227-283.
PINE, G. (2019). Magnanimity and humility according to St. Thomas Aquinas. In: «The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review», vol. LXXXII, n. 2, pp. 263-286.
PLATONE (1991). Repubblica. In: PLATONE, Tutti gli scritti, a cura di G. REALE, Milano, pp. 1067-1346.
POSTI, M. (2022). Henry of Ghent on the Siege of Acre: Magnanimity, suicide and the role of God. In: «Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie Médiévales», vol. LXXXIX, n. 1, pp. 51-76.
ROSS, W.D. (ed.) (1949). Aristotle’s Prior and Posterior Analytics, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
ROWE, C.J. (1971). The Eudemian and Nicomachean Ethics: A study in the development of Aristotle’s thought. In: «Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society», vol. III, pp. 1-123.
RUSSELL, B. (1946). History of Western philosophy, Popu-lar Book Services, New Delhi.
RUSSELL, D.C. (2005). Aristotle on the moral relevance of self-respect. In: S.M. GARDINER (ed.), Virtue ethics, old and new, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 101-121.
RUSSELL, D.C. (2009). Practical intelligence and the virtues, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
RUSSELL, D.C. (2012). Aristotle’s virtues of greatness. In: R. KAMTEKAR (ed.), Virtue and happiness: Essays in honor of Julia Annas, Oxford University Press, Ox-ford, pp. 115-147.
SARCH, A. (2008). What’s wrong with megalopsychia?. In: «Philosophy», vol. LXXXIII, n. 2, pp. 231-253.
SCHOEMAN, M. (2019). Overcoming resentment: Hannah Arendt on the virtue of forgiveness. In: S. BIBB (ed.), Forgiveness or revenge? Restitution or retribution?, Brill, Leiden/Boston, pp. 119-128.
SCOTT, J.A. (1977). Dante magnanimo. Studi sulla “Commedia”, Olschki, Firenze.
SENECA, L.A. (1998). L’ira (45 d.C.), a cura di C. RICCI, Rizzoli, Milano.
SHAPIRO, L. (1999). Cartesian generosity. In: «Acta Philosophica Fennica», vol. LXIV, pp. 249-275.
SHERMAN, N. (1989). The fabric of character: Aristotle’s theory of virtue, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
SHERMAN, N. (1998). Common sense and uncommon virtue. In: «Midwest Studies in Philosophy», vol. XIII, pp. 97-114.
STEWART, J.A. (1892). Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle, vol. I, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
STOVER, J., POLANSKY, R. (2003). Moral virtue and “megalopsychia”. In: «Ancient Philosophy», vol. XXIII, n. 2, pp. 351-359.
STRAUSS, L. (1952). The political philosophy of Hobbes. Its basis and its genesis, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London.
STRAUSS, L. (1963). Niccolò Machiavelli. In: L. STRAUSS, J. CROPSEY (eds.), History of political philosophy, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 247-276.
STUMP, E. (2022). Humility, courage, magnanimity: A Thomistic account. In: «Scientia et Fides», vol. X, n. 2, pp. 23-29.
TESSITORE, A. (1996). Reading Aristotle’s Ethics: Virtue, rhetoric, and political philosophy, State University of New York Press, New York.
THOLEN, B. (2023). The virtues of the Exemplary moral leader. Lessons from Aristotle’s ethics. In: «Business Ethics, Environment and Responsibility», vol. XXXII, n. 2, pp. 532-543.
TOMMASO D’AQUINO (1899). Summa Theologia. (1274). In: THOMAS DE AQUINO, Opera Omnia iussu Leonis XIII edita, vol. X, Roma.
TOMMASO D’AQUINO (1979). De regno ad regem Cypri (1271-1273). In: THOMAS DE AQUINO, Opera Omnia iussu Leonis XIII edita, vol. XLII, Roma.
VACCAREZZA, M.S. (2012). Aristotele e le virtù sociali: EN IV, 1126b 1-1128b 9. In: «Acta Philosophica», vol. XXI, n. 2, pp. 309-336.
VALLOR, S. (2016). Technology and the virtues. A philosophical guide to a future worth wanting, Oxford University Press, New York.
VASALOU, S. (2019a). Introduction. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimi-ty, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-20.
VASALOU, S. (2019b). Greatness of spirit in the Arabic tradition. In: S. VASALOU (ed.), The measure of greatness: Philosophers on magnanimity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 117-146.
VAUGHAN, G.M. (2008). Hobbes on magnanimity and statesmanship: Replacing virtue with science. In: C. HOLLOWAY (ed.), Magnanimity and statesmanship, Lexington Books, Plymouth, pp. 67-82.
WIELAND, G. (1981). Ethica. Scientia practica: Die Anfänge der philosophischen Ethik im 13. Jahrhundert, Aschendorff, Münster.
WILCKEN, M. (2014). Can magnanimity be made com-patible with the 21st Century?. In: «Aporia», vol. XXIV, pp. 77-87.
YIP, B. (2025). Intellectual humility without limits: Magnanimous humility, disagreement and the epistemology of resistance. In: «Philosophy and Phenomenological Research», vol. CX, n. 2, pp. 604-622.
ZAGZEBSKI, L. (2017). Exemplarist moral theory, Oxford University Press, New York.