The triggering factor of the origin of language. Stories come first, replies to Arbib, Benítez-Burraco, Delfitto, Romano, and Sibierska & Wacewicz
Abstract
Abstract: This article responds to the comments and criticisms raised in relation to my previous work “Stories come first. The origins of human communication from a naturalized perspective of language”. The feedback can be broadly divided into “internal” criticisms, offered by scholars who share many of the underlying assumptions of my model, and “external” criticisms, advanced by those who reject its premises. Internal critiques largely emphasize that while narrative plays a crucial role in language, it should not overshadow other constitutive aspects of linguistic competence. I acknowledge the view of language as a mosaic of properties but argue that such a perspective risks conflating the study of language evolution with that of its origins. My focus remains on identifying the triggering factor of language, which I contend is the narrative function, rooted in persuasion rather than information. External critiques instead reject narrative as the origin of language, privileging sentence-level syntax as the defining feature of linguistic capacity. Against this view, I maintain that discourse structures logically and temporally precede sentence syntax, with grammar emerging secondarily to strengthen narrative efficacy. By distinguishing between internal and external criticisms, this article clarifies the theoretical implications of my model and situates narration as the most plausible starting point for understanding the origins of human communication.
Keywords: Narrative; Persuasion; Origins of Language; Pantomime; Narrative Brain
Il fattore di innesco dell’origine del linguaggio. Le storie vengono prima, risposta a Arbib, Benítez-Burraco, Delfitto, Romano e Sibierska & Wacewicz
Riassunto: Questo articolo risponde ai commenti e alle critiche rivolte al mio precedente lavoro “Stories come first. The origins of human communication from a naturalized perspective of language”. I contributi possono essere distinti in critiche “interne”, formulate da studiosi che condividono molte delle ipotesi di fondo del mio modello, e critiche “esterne”, avanzate da coloro che ne rifiutano i presupposti. Le critiche interne sottolineano in particolare che, sebbene la narrazione svolga un ruolo cruciale nel linguaggio, essa non dovrebbe oscurare altri aspetti costitutivi della competenza linguistica. Riconosco la validità della concezione del linguaggio come mosaico di proprietà, ma sostengo che tale prospettiva rischi di confondere lo studio dell’evoluzione del linguaggio con quello delle sue origini. Il mio obiettivo resta l’individuazione del fattore scatenante del linguaggio, che identifico nella funzione narrativa, radicata nella persuasione più che nell’informazione. Le critiche esterne, invece, rifiutano la narrazione come origine del linguaggio e privilegiano la sintassi della frase come carattere distintivo della capacità linguistica. A questa posizione oppongo l’idea che le strutture discorsive precedano logicamente e temporalmente la sintassi della frase, con la grammatica che emerge solo in seguito per rafforzare l’efficacia persuasiva della narrazione. Distinguendo tra critiche interne ed esterne, questo articolo chiarisce le implicazioni teoriche del mio modello e colloca la narrazione come punto di partenza più plausibile per comprendere le origini della comunicazione umana.
Parole chiave: Narrazione; Persuasione; Origini del linguaggio; Pantomima; Cervello narrativo
Parole chiave
Full Text
PDFRiferimenti bibliografici
ADORNETTI, I. (2024). Animal signalling between informing and influencing: Setting the stage for a pragmatic-rhetorical model of communication. In: I. ADORNETTI, F. FERRETTI (eds), Introducing evolutionary pragmatics: How language emerges from use, Routledge, London, pp. 23-38.
ADORNETTI, I., FERRETTI, F. (eds.) (2024). Introducing evolutionary pragmatics: How language emerges from use, Routledge, London.
ARBIB, M.A. (2025). Are stories the chicken or the egg?. In: «Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 22-29.
ARBIB, M.A. (2012). How the brain got language: The mirror system hypothesis, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
ARBIB, M.A. (2005). From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. In: «Behavioral and Brain Sciences», vol. XXVIII, n. 2, pp. 105-124.
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, A. (2025a). Stories come together with the cognitive and behavioural innovations needed for human communication. In: «Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 17-21.
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, A. (2025b). How (and why) languages became more complex as we evolved more prosocial: The human self-domestication view. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. XV, Art. Nr. 1499994 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1499994.
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, A., FERRETTI, F., PROGOVAC, L. (2021). Human self‐domestication and the evolution of pragmatics. In: «Cognitive Science», vol. XLV, n. 6, Art.Nr. e12987 – doi: 10.1111/cogs.12987.
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, A., KEMPE, V. (2018). The emergence of modern languages: has human self-domestication optimized language transmission?. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. IX, Art.
Nr. 551 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00551.
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, A., PROGOVAC, L. (2024). The role of early expressive uses of language in brain and language evolution. In: I. ADORNETTI , F. FERRETTI (eds.). Introducing evolutionary pragmatics: How language emerges from use, Routledge, London, pp. 150-170.
BERWICK, R.C., CHOMSKY, N. (2016). Why only us: Language and evolution, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).
BICKERTON, D. (1990). Language and species, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
BICKERTON, D. (1995). Language & human behavior, Washington University Press, Seattle.
BRUNER, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. In: «Critical Inquiry», vol. XVIII, n. 1, 1-21.
CARAZO, P., FONT, E. (2010). Putting information back into biological communication. In: «Journal of Evolutionary Biology», vol. XXIII, n. 4, pp. 661-669.
CORBALLIS, M.C. (2017). The truth about language: What it is and where it came from, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
DAWKINS, R., KREBS, J.R. (1978). Animal signals: Information or manipulation. In: J.R. KREBS, N.B. DAVIES (eds.) Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 282-309, first edition.
DELFITTO, D. (2025). Externalization and language design. In: «Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 35-42.
FERRETTI, F. (2025). Stories come first. The origins of human communication from a naturalized perspective of language. In: «Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 1-16.
FERRETTI, F. (2024). Agonistic conversation: A cognitive-interactive perspective on the origin of grammar. In: I. ADORNETTI, F. FERRETTI (eds.), Introducing evolutionary pragmatics: How language emerges from use, Routledge, London, pp. 124-149.
FERRETTI, F. (2023). On the influence of thought on language: A naturalistic framework for the pantomimic origins of human communication. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. XIV, Art. Nr.1197968 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1197968.
FERRETTI, F. (2022). Narrative persuasion. A cognitive perspective on language evolution, Springer Nature, Cham.
FERRETTI, F., ADORNETTI, I. (2021). Persuasive conversation as a new form of communication in Homo sapiens. In: «Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Section B», vol. CCCLXXVI, n. 1824, Art. Nr. 20200196.
FERRETTI, F., ADORNETTI, I. (2020). Why we need a narrative brain to account for the origin of language. In: «Paradigmi», vol. XXXVIII, n. 2, pp. 269-292.
FERRETTI, F., ADORNETTI, I., CHIERA, A., NICCHIARELLI, S., VALERI, G., MAGNI, R., VICARI, S., MARINI, A. (2018). Time and narrative: An investigation of story-telling abilities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. IX, Art. Nr. 944 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00944.
FODOR, J.A. (1987). Psychosemantics: The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).
FODOR, J.A. (1975). The language of thought, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).
GIORA, R. (1985). Notes towards a theory of text coherence. In: «Poetics Today», vol. VI, n. 4, pp. 699-715.
GOULD, S.J., VRBA, E.S. (1982). Exaptation: A missing term in the science of form. In: «Paleobiology», vol. VIII, n. 1, pp. 4-15.
KAMP, H., REYLE, U. (2019). 11. Discourse representation theory. In: C. MAIENBORN, K. HEUSINGER, P. PORTNER (eds.), Semantics - Theories, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, pp. 321-384.
KENNEDY G.A. (1992). A hoot in the dark: The evolution of general rhetoric. In: «Philosophy & Rhetoric», vol. XXV, n. 1, pp. 1-21.
KREBS, J.R., DAWKINS R. (1984). Animal signals: Mindreading and manipulation. In: J.R. KREBS, R. DAWKINS (eds.), Behavioral ecology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 380-402.
LINDSTRÖM, J. (2009). Interactional linguistics. In: S. D’HONDT, S.-O. ÖSTMAN, J. VERSCHUEREN (eds.), Handbook of pragmatics highlights, vol. IV: The pragmatics of interaction, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 96-103.
MARINI, A., FERRETTI, F., CHIERA, A., MAGNI, R., ADORNETTI, I., NICCHIARELLI, S., VICARI, S., VALERI, G. (2019). Episodic future thinking and narrative discourse generation in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In: «Journal of Neurolinguistics», vol. XLIX, pp. 178-188.
MCNEILL, D. (2012). How language began: Gesture and speech in human evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MCNEILL, D. (2005). Introduction. In: D. MCNEILL (ed.), Language and gesture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MERCIER, H. (2020) Not born yesterday: The science of who we trust and what we believe, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
MERCIER, H., SPERBER, D. (2017) The enigma of reason, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).
MITHEN, S. (2024). The language puzzle: Piecing together the six-million-year story of how words evolved, Hachette, London.
NORRICK, N. R. (2019). Collaborative remembering in conversational narration. In: «Topics in Cognitive Science», vol. XI, n. 4, pp. 733-751.
PARRISH, A.C. (2021). Adaptive rhetoric: A biocultural paradigm for the study of persuasion. In: A.C. PARRISH, The sensory modes of animal rhetorics: A hoot in the light, Springer, Cham, pp. 19-29.
PARRISH, A.C. (2014). Adaptive rhetoric. Evolution, culture, and the art of persuasion, Routledge, Lon-don/New York.
PINKER, S. (1994). The language instinct: How the mind creates language, Penguin, London/New York.
PLEYER, M., HARTMANN, S. (2024). A usage-based perspective on evolutionary pragmatics. In: I. ADORNETTI, F. FERRETTI (eds.). Introducing evolutionary pragmatics. How language emerges from use, Routledge, London, pp. 81-100.
PROGOVAC, L. (2016). A gradualist scenario for language evolution: Precise linguistic reconstruction of early human (and Neandertal) grammars. In: «Frontiers in Psychology», vol. VII, Art. Nr. 227614 – doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01714.
PROGOVAC, L. (2015). Evolutionary syntax, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
RACE, E., KEANE, M.M., VERFAELLIE, M. (2015). Sharing mental simulations and stories: Hippocampal contributions to discourse integration. In: «Cortex», vol. LXIII, pp. 271-281.
ROMANO, G. (2025). Stories may come first, but they don’t come alone. In: «Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 43-48.
SCOTT-PHILLIPS, T. (2014). Speaking our minds: Why human communication is different, and how language evolved to make it special, Bloomsbury Publishing, Dublin/New Delhi.
SIBIERSKA, M., WACEWICZ, S. (2025). Three points to strengthen the “stories come first” account of language origins: Protostories, story-susceptibility, and pantomime. In: «Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia», vol. XVI, n. 1, pp. 30-34.
SIBIERSKA, M., ŻYWICZYŃSKI, P., ZLATEV, J., VAN DE WEIJER, J., BORUTA-ŻYWICZYŃSKA, M. (2023). Constraints on communicating the order of events in stories through pantomime. In: «Journal of Language Evolution», vol. VIII, n. 1, pp. 18-32.
SPERBER, D., CLÉMENT, F., HEINTZ, C., MASCARO, O., MERCIER, H., ORIGGI, G., WILSON, D. (2010). Epistemic vigilance. In: «Mind & Language», vol. XXV, n. 4, pp. 359-393.
TATTERSALL, I. (2008). An evolutionary framework for the acquisition of symbolic cognition by Homo sapiens. In: «Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews», vol. III, pp. 99-114.
THOMPSON, S.A., COUPER-KUHLEN, E. (2005). The clause as a locus of grammar and interaction. In: «Discourse Studies», vol. VII, n. 4-5, pp. 481-505.
THOMPSON, S.A., FOX, B.A., COUPER-KUHLEN, E. (2015). Grammar in everyday talk: Building responsive actions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
TOMASELLO, M. (2025). The evolutionary psychology of syntax. In: «Mind & Language», vol. XL, n. 4, pp. 344-364.
WRAY, A. (1998). Protolanguage as a holistic system for social interaction. In: «Language & Communication», vol. XVIII, n. 1, pp. 47-67.
WRAY, A. (2000). Holistic utterances in protolanguage: The link from primates to humans. In: C. KNIGHT, M. STUDDERT-KENNEDY, J. HURFORD (eds.), The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 285-302.
ZLATEV, J., SIBIERSKA, M., ŻYWICZYŃSKI, P., VAN DE WEIJER, J., BORUTA-ŻYWICZYŃSKA, M. (2024), Can pantomime narrate? A cognitive semiotic approach. In: P. ŻYWICZYŃSKI, J. BLOMBERG, M. BORUTA-ŻYWICZYŃSKA (eds.), Perspectives on pantomime, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 115-138.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4453/%25x
Copyright (c) 2025 Francesco Ferretti
URLdella licenza: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia - ISSN: 2039-4667 (print) - E-ISSN: 2239-2629 (online)
Registrazione al Tribunale di Milano n. 634 del 26-11-2010 - Direttore Responsabile: Aurelia Delfino
Web provider Aruba spa - Loc. Palazzetto, 4 - 52011 Bibbiena (AR) - P.IVA 01573850516 - C.F. e R.I./AR 04552920482

Dove non diversamente specificato, i contenuti di Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia sono distribuiti con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.